张艺谋的电影《活着》是余华同名小说的改编。这是一部以富贵生活为题材的充满政治意味的电影。在影片中，主人公富贵在人生的风风雨雨中起伏不定，在1940年代至1970年代的动荡时代中，他的家庭大宅，父母，儿子和女儿遭受了损失。富贵人的生活经历了不同的历史时期，其中包括中国内战，与地主的斗争，大跃进和文化大革命等强大的政治影响力。我们可以从富贵的坚持和勇气中学到很多东西，就像电影中所展示的那样。然而，在这些困难和对手的挑战下，富贵及其家人面临的后果以及他们随后的反应，这表明富贵的家庭是卷入政治运动动荡的平民百姓的缩影。因此，这部电影具有讽刺意味的是，政治权威企图加强国家权力并改善普通百姓的生活条件，但使人民失望，甚至使情况恶化。

Zhang Yimou’s film To Live is an adaption of Yu Hua’s novel of the same name. It is a film full of political implications under the description of the life of Fugui. In the film, Fugui, the main character, experiences ups and downs in life and suffers the loss of his family mansion, parents, son, and daughter in the erratic era from 1940s to 1970s in China. Fugui lives his life through various historical periods with strong political influences, including the Chinese Civil War, battle against the landowner, the Great Leap Forward, and Cultural Revolution. We could certainly learn a lot from the persistence and courage of Fugui to live on as the film shows. However, beneath those difficulties and adversaries Fugui and his family face and their subsequent reactions, it suggests that Fugui’s family is a miniature of the common people involved in the turbulence of political movements. Thus, the film shows an irony that political authority attempts to strengthen the national power and to improve living conditions of common people but fail the people and even made it worse. 


曾经统治着国家的社会制度基础设施被掩埋，导致了巨大的动荡，而平民百姓的信念也被扭曲，以致与其他国家一样贫穷。共产党在中国内战中上台后，富贵回到家，与贾震及其子女团聚。富贵应征入国民党军队后，共产党政府帮助贾镇找到一份工作，为白开水服务。在中国共产党政府的领导下，人民似乎过上了良好的生活。然而，福桂目睹龙儿因为被指控为房东而被拒绝执行并拒绝豪宅并将其烧毁（他通过赌博从福桂中获胜）后被处决，他是如此害怕，以至于有一天他会发生这种情况，因为他曾经是真正的房东。当镇长说富贵的家庭宅邸的木头很好，大火持续了三天时，富贵迅速而紧张地回答说，这不是他家人的木头，而是反革命主义者的木头，试图衰败。与房东级别的任何联系。嘉贞还挂断了富桂参加革命的证书，希望它能保护他们，即使他从未真正为革命奋斗过。对于朗格和富贵来说，他们的社会阶层取决于他们的赌博。富贵在赌博中失去了家庭豪宅，成为了贫穷的农民，并且在与地主的斗争中保持了头脑。由于运气好，朗格获胜并获得了富贵的家族豪宅。但是，朗格被视为土地所有者，并由共产主义政府开枪射击。穷人是安全的，而富人应该死。
The infrastructure of social system that used to rule the country was buried and lead to huge unrest and the belief of common people are distorted to aim to be as poor as others. After the Communist Party took power in the Chinese Civil War, Fugui returns home and reunites with Jiazhen and their children. The communist government helps Jiazhen find a job to serve boiled water, when Fugui is conscripted to the KMT army. Under the leadership of the Chinese communist government, it seems the people start making a good living. However, after Fugui witnesses Long’er being executed because he was accused to be a landlord and refused to give out the mansion and burned it, which he won from Fugui by gambling, he is so scared that this could happen to him someday because he used to be the real landlord. When the head of the town says that the wood of Fugui’s family mansion is so good that the fire last for three days, and Fugui replies quickly and nervously that it’s not the wood of his family but the wood of anti-revolutionists, trying to decline any connections to the class of landlords. Jiazhen also hangs up Fugui’s certificate of participating in the revolution, hoping it could protect them, even though he has never truly fought for the revolution willingly. For Long’er and Fugui, their social classes are decided by their gamble. Fugui loses his family mansion in gambling and becomes poor peasant, and keeps his head above ground in the battle against landowner. Due to good luck, Long’er wins and gets Fugui’s family mansion. However, Long’er is considered as a landowner and shot by the communist government. Poor people are safe, while the rich people should die. 

Confucius said that what tortures people is inequality rather than scarcity of labor forces, what gnaws their souls is chaos instead of poverty. It applies well in the film. In the early years of New China, people advocate that the poorer the better. The property of peasant family is far superior to that of the rich or intellectual family. Like gambling, poor people win and rich people and leared people lose. The pyramid of society is upside down. Fugui feels honored because of poverty. At the same time, Fugui struggles to make ends meet and works from dawn to dusk. His children, Youqing and Fengxia have to bear the family burden and cannot have a good sleep since childhood. The landowners are defeated, but Fugui and some poor peasants still lives in misery with a fantasy of communism.
The Great Leap Forward aims to establish a developed and equal society with strong fantasy of communistic society, but finally disrupts and aggravates people’s living conditions. Fugui has been hardworking and responsible man, totally different from the dandy he used to be. Responding to the call of the communist government, Fugui is active in contributing his own efforts to the country as he takes out all iron-made tools in his family. Besides Fugui, every family donates anything containing iron. Without pots and pans, people enter the People’s Commune and enjoy the equalitarianism in the first few years. Mr. Niu tells Fugui and Jiazhen that the communist government cooks for them and they can have a full stomach every day. The equalitarianism emphasizes the average distribution between every people but neglects the facts that there is no absolute equality in the world. Fugui and other town people pay a heavy price for the equalitarianism. They are required to make steel day and night to reach the goal of 10.7 million tones steel production per year, which is impossible in 1950s of China. Everyone is so tired, including Youqing, the son of Fugui. He orders sleepy Youqing to participate the welcome ceremony of the district governor at school because he is afraid of being left behind if Youqing is absent. In the school, sleep-deprived Youqing continues to sleep on the side of a wall and forgets eating the dumplings. On the other side of the wall, the district governor, Chunsheng, drives into the wall due to fatigue. Youqing is crushed under the wall and becomes the sacrifice of the Great Leap Revolution. 

The goal of the Great Leap Forward pays more attention to quantity and violates the production principle, disrupting people’s normal routines and patterns of living. To some extent, the disordered life leads to the death of Youqing. Besides, some social productive activities are ignored when all people are making steel blindly. We can just imagine how a government can support the people depending merely on making steel. The Great Leap Revolution causes the lagging productivity of Chinese society. In the end of the film, we can find that Fugui and Jiazhen still live on delivering hot water and eat noodles, which is cheaper than rice.
Under the banner of emancipating minds, Cultural Revolution manipulates people’s minds and persecutes intellectuals and scholars, which indirectly leads to Fengxia’s death. In the film, the shadow puppet kit becomes an inappropriate subject, which could bring Fugui and his family trouble. To follow Chairman Mao’s words, and to keep themselves safe, Fugui asks his daughter, Fengxia, to burn those puppets representing emperors and queens in the past, who are considered as reactionary. The shadow puppets save Fugui’s life several times and mean a great deal for Fugui. Fugui has the ability to cheer people up with shadow puppets, which implies that shadow puppets play an important role in people’s spiritual life. Nevertheless, the communist government regards this tradition as disaster and persuades people to believe solely in Mao’s words. Burning the shadow puppet aims to control people’s minds and imprison the people invisibly. Furthermore, in Fengxia’s wedding, people cannot find festive red, but Chair Mao. The wedding gifts are Mao’s words, Mao’s badges, and Mao’s photos. Fengxia and Er’xi are in green army uniforms and the wedding music is replaced by revolutionary songs. The communist government restricts people’s behaviors to strengthen the influence of Mao’s thoughts. The persecution of intellectuals pushes Mao’s thoughts to the extreme. When Fengxia gives birth in the hospital, the hospital is occupied by the Red Guards, who are inexperience nurses. The seasoned doctors are imprisoned in the cowshed, where they are oppressed physically and spiritually. Faced with Fengxia’s postpartum bleed, the nurses can do nothing to help Fengxia. Although Doctor Wang has professional knowledge, he has no ability to save Fengxia at that time because he is tormented seriously by the Red Guards and becomes numb. The Cultural Revolution kills Fengxia, the only child of Fugui and Jiazhen. It is ridiculous that Erxi belongs to a member of the Red Guards. The death of Fengxia is the last blow for Fugui and Jiazhen. They have nothing to lose, because they have lost everything in the political movement.